#8 1851 1¢ - Type III

Basic Information

Colors: Light blue. blue, dark blue
Subject: Benjamin Franklin
Plate: II and IV
Printing Method: die-to-relief-to-plate intaglio engraving process
Printer: Toppan, Carpenter, Casilear & Co.
Perforations: imperforate
Watermark: none
Scott #: 8
Type: III
Quantity Issued: 12,300,000
Issued: July 7th, 1857

Value

An unused stamp without gum: $4,500 - $7,500
A used stamp: $950- $1,600
A used position 99R2 $30,000 - $50,000

General Notes

The Imprint

Type III, which is among the most sought-after varieties of the 1¢ 1851 issue due to its distinct "broken" lines.

Interesting points

1) The Type III variety primarily comes from Plate 2.
2) Because the specific Plate 2 used to create these stamps had very few positions that resulted in a true Type III, Scott #8 is considered scarce. One of the most famous and valuable positions is 99R2 (see below), which features a particularly wide break
3) The degree or amount of the break in the line(s) is important. The greater the break the more desirable the stamp.

How to read plate positions

The first indicator is a number indicates its position on the plate, so 3RIE would have come from the third stamp on the plate. The number can range from 1 to 100, there being 100 stamps on each plate.

The second indicator is either the letter R or L, R indicates the stamp came from the right pane, L for the left pane. The stamp was printed in sheets of 200, each sheet was further divided into two panes of 100. Hence 3RIE would have come from the right pane as the second indicator in 3R1E is the letter R.

The third indicator can be from numbers I (1) to XII (12). This indicator is always shown in roman numerals. There were twelve plates, there are no stamps from plate VI (6) as it was destroyed before printing began (no doubt it was flawed). For example stamp 4RIL would have come from plate one (1).

The last or fourth indicator is either the letter E or L. The letter 'E' indicate an early state of the plate, the letter 'L' indicates the late state of the plate. This indicator only applies to PLATE I, as it is the only one that has an early and late plate. The early plate is the original plate. After 11 months the plate became worn and 199 of the 200 positions were recut. 113 positions on the plate had both top and bottom lines recut, 40 positions had only the top line recut, 8 positions had only the bottom line recut, 11 positions had a double recut at the bottom and 4 positions had a double recut at the top.

How many plates were there?

There were twelve plates of the 1¢ Franklin made, plate six was never used, probably due to it being damaged in it's creation. Most of the plates were used for both the imperforate and perforated design. Some only produced one type or the other. For instance, plate 12 produced only perforated stamps and the early state of Plate 1 produced only imperforate stamps whilst plate I late (reconstruction) produced both imperforate and perforated stamps. Plate 4 was the last of the imperforate plates to be used.

The Inspiration for the Design

Bust of Franklin

Jean-Jacques Caffieri

A New Contract
Under Postmaster General Nathan K. Hall, the contract to print the 1851 Issue was awarded to the Philadelphia firm of Toppan, Carpenter, Casilear & Co. (Casilear retired in October 1854, but his name was included in plate imprints as late as 1857).

The 1¢ 1851 stamp, with a bust of Franklin based on Caffieri’s sculpture, was one of the workhorses of postage stamps issued during the decade it was current. Twelve plates were required to print sufficient quantities of 1¢ stamps, and the creation of those plates caused Toppan Carpenter a great degree of difficulty.

How to Identify this Stamp

Click the image to enlarge

To identify the US 1851 1¢ blue stamp (Scott #8), you must confirm it is an imperforate (no holes) Type III design. The primary identifier for Scott #8 is a break in both the top and bottom outer frame lines.

Key Identifying Features

Design Type (Type III): The defining characteristic is that both the top and bottom curved lines are broken.
Side Ornaments:The side ornaments (scrolls and plumes) are complete, distinguishing it from later perforated types where side ornaments were often trimmed to make room for holes.
Plate Positions: Scott #8 was printed from Plate II and Plate IV. One of the most famous and valuable versions is position 99R2, which features a particularly wide break in the lines.

The 99R2 Plate Position

To identify position 99R2 (the 99th stamp in the right pane of Plate 2) on the US 1851 1¢ Blue (Scott #8), look for the most extreme version of the Type III design characteristics.

Wide Line Breaks:
Position 99R2 is famous for having the largest breaks in the outer curved lines at both the top and bottom of the design. While all Type III stamps have breaks at both top and bottom, the breaks on 99R2 are significantly wider than those on any other position on the plate.

"Short Transfer" Cause:
This position was a "fresh entry" on the plate where the design was short transferred (not fully pressed into the plate) at both the top and bottom.

Plate Origin: It occurs only on Plate 2. If a stamp has these wide breaks but is perforated, it may be from Plate 5, which produced similar-looking Type III stamps that are less valuable.

The Types of the 1851-57 One Cent Stamps (Large Diagram)